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Back Extension Technique
I consider the back extension to be a basic ‘core’ exercise. While low back certainly gets hit during big movements like squats and especially deadlifts (and RDL’s and good mornings), the spinal erectors tend to get hit primary isometrically (meaning that they contract without movement).
From a safety standpoint, I think there is benefit to working the spinal erectors through full flexion and extension since there are times when the back simply can’t be kept flat. Low back strengthening can also benefit squats and deads simply by ensuring that they aren’t a weak point in the movement. That’s in addition to any safety benefits.
The simple fact is that heavy squats and deadlifts can often go awry during maximal or near maximal sets, folks lose form no matter how hard they try not to; this often involves rounding of the upper or lower back or both. And if the low back hasn’t been trained in such a way to handle those stresses in a rounded position, injury often results.
As well, some recent research, primarily from Stuart McGill’s lab, has tied low back pain to endurance in the spinal erectors. While there are certainly other ways to do it, dynamic back extensions are one way to train this capacity.
Muscles Targeted
As the name suggests and the introduction states, the primary focus of back extensions is, of course, the lower back musculature, specifically the spinal erectors. As well, depending on the specifics of how the exercise is done, many other muscles are often hit.
When weight is used, the upper back receives a training effect (in the midback/scapular retractors). As well, the hamstrings and glutes will be hit (either dynamically or isometrically) depending on the specifics of the type of back extension chosen.
.
Technique
Fundamentally, there are a few different ways to do back extensions, depending on what the goal is. In many ways, this is not unlike the situation with Romanian vs. Stiff Legged Deadlifts.
For now I’m going to ignore what’s happening in the upper back (I’ll come back to that below) and focus only on the spinal erectors, hamstrings and glutes. Now, pretty much any back extension is going to work those muscles to some degree although how the movement is done will affect whether the muscles are hit dynamically or isometrically. The determinant of whether the glutes/hamstrings are worked dynamically or isometrically is primarily determined by where the hip is positioned relative to the edge of the pad.
And there are two options, shown in the pictures below. On the left, you can see that the top of the pelvis is above the top of the pad, this allows the pelvis to rotate during the movement which means that the glutes/hams will be hit dynamically. On the right, the pelvis is set below the top of the pad; this locks the pelvis into place and the glutes/hams will be hit isometrically instead.
.
Pad Below Top of Pelvis
Pad Above Top of Pelvis
Now, with the pad below the level of the hips, the pelvis is free to rotate. Due to this, there are two options as to what the low back can do: it can round or stay flat. I’ve shown the bottom position of the low pad back extension below. On the left, the low back is rounded at the bottom, on the right, the low back is kept flat.
.
Low Back Rounded
Low Back Flat
The difference between these two is that rounding the back (along with the pelvis rotating) will hit the spinal erectors, glutes and hamstrings all dynamically. In contrast, with a flat back, the low back will be worked isometrically with the glutes and hamstrings performing hip extension (this is basically like a machine Romanian deadlift).
Now, with the pad high enough to lock the hips, there is only one option and that’s to round the low back. The start and finish position of this is shown below. This will work the spinal erectors dynamically and the glutes/hamstrings isometrically.
Hips Locked Top Position
Hips Locked Bottom Position
.
I’d note that since I generally use the back extension specifically to train the spinal erectors dynamically, I can’t say that I use the low-pad, flat backed version very often (if at all). So the issue really becomes one of what I want the glutes or hamstrings to do (which usually depends on what was done earlier in the workout).
If the glutes/hams have already been worked hard (with the Romanian Deadlift or Leg Curl with Hip Extension , I’ll usually lock the hips and localize the stress to working the spinal erectors dynamically. If, for whatever reason, I want some dynamic work for the hamstrings/glutes, I’ll set the pad low and let the hip rotate.
Since the above can get a bit confusing, let me sum up before moving on to other aspects of the exercise. Basically, we have two pad positions (above and below the top of the pelvis) and two possibilities with what the low back does (round at the bottom or stay flat) although there are only actually 3 combinations. Those combinations, along with what they do is shown below.
Before moving on, I want to show a proper versus improper top position. Despite the exercise often being called a ‘hyperextension’, it’s incorrect and dangerous to actually take the spine into hyperextension. You should only extend up until the spine is in a neutral position. Going higher than this provides no further training effect for the muscles but puts rather enormous strain on the spine itself. Normal spinal extension and spinal hyperextension are shown below (normal on the left, hyperextension on the right). Don’t do what’s on the right.
Proper Finish Position for Back Extension
Hyperextension of the Low Back
The next topic I want to discuss is how to load the movement to increase resistance. Now, without using weight, there are 4 progressively more difficult ways to do back extensions, shown below. In order from easiest to most difficult these are: hands by sides, hands at chest, hands at temples, and hands in the Y position (this has the added advantage of working Traps III/IV). These are shown below.
Arms at Side
Arms Across Chest
Hands at Temples
Arms in Y Position
.For the most part, I don’t typically use hands at head or hands overhead unless, for some reason, additional weight can’t be used. After someone can do hands at chest easily, I’d rather just start having them add weight to the movement. There are several ways to do this although I’m only going to show two below.
The next way to load the movement is to hold either a plate or dumbbell at chest level (some will also load the movement with a bar held behind the head, this isn’t shown). Both are shown below. One problem with plates is making intermediate jumps. So, for example, once a 25 lb plate becomes too easy, moving to 30 is a pain because you have to try to hold a 25 and 5 lb plate.
I generally prefer dumbbells for this reason. Another benefit to holding weight is that the upper back can be trained as well by ensuring that your shoulder blades are pulled back hard while you hold the weight.
Plate Held to Chest
Dumbbell Held to Chest
.
Of course, there are other ways that this movement can be loaded . A weighted vest can be worn and this avoids problems with fatigue from holding heavy dumbbells or plates (it also saves hassle of getting them into position). A recent trend is to attach a rubber stretch band to the bottom of the back extension bench and then attach it around the neck or upper back; this gives a very different loading curve than using a plate or dumbbell due to the stretching of the band. Of course, methods can be mixed as needed or desired.
As a final variant on this movement, a single leg extension can be done by simply taking one leg out from underneath the pads. This makes the movement considerably harder and adds a stabilization component around the pelvis.
Single Leg Back Extension
Of course, the 45 degree back extension is not the only machine available. Many gyms have a horizontal bench (the gym we shot the above pictures at did not) which I’ve shown below. Many gyms have a true glute-ham raise which can also be used to do straight back extensions.
Horizontal Back Extension Bench
.
Every issue discussed above for the 45 degree bench is identical here. You can set up so that the pelvis is in front or behind the pad and the same issues with regards to rounding the low back or not all apply. The same goes for the issue of not hyperextending at the top of the movement. The horizontal back extension is generally much more difficult with the position of maximum loading occurring at the top, compared to the 45 degree version which has peak loading when the torso is parallel with the floor.
I’d note that even the 45 degree extension bench can often be too difficult for beginners. I have sometime started complete beginners on a leg curl machine where they can perform a short range back extension using the angle of the pad. Simply pin the weight stack above anything they could possibly leg curl and they can do back extensions until they develop sufficient strength and/or endurance to move to the 45 degree bench.
I’d finish by noting that I no longer do back extensions with trainees lying flat on the floor. Back researcher Stuart McGill has shown that hyperextensions on the floor generate a tremendous amount of disk pressure as they force the body into spinal hyperextension.
.
Programming Thoughts
In terms of programming the back extension, there are, as always, many options. Both strength, low back power and muscular endurance can be targeted depending on the specifics of what’s done. As I mentioned in the introduction, low back endurance seems to be related to low-back pain and high rep sets with an isometric hold at the top (ranging from 2-6 seconds) can be beneficial for this. Athletes who need more strength or power than endurance per se may want to keep the reps lower and weights heavier. A combination of methods (e.g. heavy sets of 5 with a 2 second hold at the top) can achieve some of the best of both worlds.
In general, I tend to put back extensions at the end of a workout, often/usually in conjunction with ab work; the movements can be alternate supersetted to save time. I’d only note that, in my experience, fatigue from low back work can often make abdominal work painful, especially in beginner trainees. If trainees report low back discomfort during abdominal work, it may be better to save low-back work until the very end of the workout. I also know some trainees who use light low back extensions to warm-up the low back before heavier work but this is something that should be saved for more advanced trainees.
Reps and sets, as noted, can vary massively. A beginner may only perform a single set of low reps in their first few workouts; the low-back is often notoriously weak in the general public and having them do too much initially tends to cause a lot of problems. With beginning clients, they might only do 1 set of 5-8 at their first workout, even if they felt like they could do more. If there was back pain the following day, I know even that was too much. If not, I’d have them add a couple of repetitions at the next workout. Wehn they got to 12 easily, they’d move to a slightly harder variant (changing hand position, etc) or add a second set.
Finally, I’d note that it’s always better to err on the side of too little than too much with low back work. Taking direct low-back work even close to failure can be a recipe for disaster, it only takes a minor mistake to really ruin someone’s day. Better, in my experience, to keep several reps in the tank and make it up with more sets or whatever. There are exceptions, high level athletes who may need to push closer to failure to prepare themselves for the specific demands of their sport. But save that for folks with more training experience.
I consider the back extension to be a basic ‘core’ exercise. While low back certainly gets hit during big movements like squats and especially deadlifts (and RDL’s and good mornings), the spinal erectors tend to get hit primary isometrically (meaning that they contract without movement).
From a safety standpoint, I think there is benefit to working the spinal erectors through full flexion and extension since there are times when the back simply can’t be kept flat. Low back strengthening can also benefit squats and deads simply by ensuring that they aren’t a weak point in the movement. That’s in addition to any safety benefits.
The simple fact is that heavy squats and deadlifts can often go awry during maximal or near maximal sets, folks lose form no matter how hard they try not to; this often involves rounding of the upper or lower back or both. And if the low back hasn’t been trained in such a way to handle those stresses in a rounded position, injury often results.
As well, some recent research, primarily from Stuart McGill’s lab, has tied low back pain to endurance in the spinal erectors. While there are certainly other ways to do it, dynamic back extensions are one way to train this capacity.
Muscles Targeted
As the name suggests and the introduction states, the primary focus of back extensions is, of course, the lower back musculature, specifically the spinal erectors. As well, depending on the specifics of how the exercise is done, many other muscles are often hit.
When weight is used, the upper back receives a training effect (in the midback/scapular retractors). As well, the hamstrings and glutes will be hit (either dynamically or isometrically) depending on the specifics of the type of back extension chosen.
.
Technique
Fundamentally, there are a few different ways to do back extensions, depending on what the goal is. In many ways, this is not unlike the situation with Romanian vs. Stiff Legged Deadlifts.
For now I’m going to ignore what’s happening in the upper back (I’ll come back to that below) and focus only on the spinal erectors, hamstrings and glutes. Now, pretty much any back extension is going to work those muscles to some degree although how the movement is done will affect whether the muscles are hit dynamically or isometrically. The determinant of whether the glutes/hamstrings are worked dynamically or isometrically is primarily determined by where the hip is positioned relative to the edge of the pad.
And there are two options, shown in the pictures below. On the left, you can see that the top of the pelvis is above the top of the pad, this allows the pelvis to rotate during the movement which means that the glutes/hams will be hit dynamically. On the right, the pelvis is set below the top of the pad; this locks the pelvis into place and the glutes/hams will be hit isometrically instead.
.
Pad Below Top of Pelvis
Pad Above Top of Pelvis
Now, with the pad below the level of the hips, the pelvis is free to rotate. Due to this, there are two options as to what the low back can do: it can round or stay flat. I’ve shown the bottom position of the low pad back extension below. On the left, the low back is rounded at the bottom, on the right, the low back is kept flat.
.
Low Back Rounded
Low Back Flat
The difference between these two is that rounding the back (along with the pelvis rotating) will hit the spinal erectors, glutes and hamstrings all dynamically. In contrast, with a flat back, the low back will be worked isometrically with the glutes and hamstrings performing hip extension (this is basically like a machine Romanian deadlift).
Now, with the pad high enough to lock the hips, there is only one option and that’s to round the low back. The start and finish position of this is shown below. This will work the spinal erectors dynamically and the glutes/hamstrings isometrically.
Hips Locked Top Position
Hips Locked Bottom Position
.
I’d note that since I generally use the back extension specifically to train the spinal erectors dynamically, I can’t say that I use the low-pad, flat backed version very often (if at all). So the issue really becomes one of what I want the glutes or hamstrings to do (which usually depends on what was done earlier in the workout).
If the glutes/hams have already been worked hard (with the Romanian Deadlift or Leg Curl with Hip Extension , I’ll usually lock the hips and localize the stress to working the spinal erectors dynamically. If, for whatever reason, I want some dynamic work for the hamstrings/glutes, I’ll set the pad low and let the hip rotate.
Since the above can get a bit confusing, let me sum up before moving on to other aspects of the exercise. Basically, we have two pad positions (above and below the top of the pelvis) and two possibilities with what the low back does (round at the bottom or stay flat) although there are only actually 3 combinations. Those combinations, along with what they do is shown below.
- Low pad position +rounded back = spinal erectors, glutes, hams all worked dynamically
- Low pad + flat back = spinal erectors worked isometrically, hams/glutes worked dynamically
- High pad + rounded back = spinal erectors worked dynamically, glutes/hams isometrically
- High pad + flat back = can’t be done through any meaningful range of motion
Before moving on, I want to show a proper versus improper top position. Despite the exercise often being called a ‘hyperextension’, it’s incorrect and dangerous to actually take the spine into hyperextension. You should only extend up until the spine is in a neutral position. Going higher than this provides no further training effect for the muscles but puts rather enormous strain on the spine itself. Normal spinal extension and spinal hyperextension are shown below (normal on the left, hyperextension on the right). Don’t do what’s on the right.
Proper Finish Position for Back Extension
Hyperextension of the Low Back
The next topic I want to discuss is how to load the movement to increase resistance. Now, without using weight, there are 4 progressively more difficult ways to do back extensions, shown below. In order from easiest to most difficult these are: hands by sides, hands at chest, hands at temples, and hands in the Y position (this has the added advantage of working Traps III/IV). These are shown below.
Arms at Side
Arms Across Chest
Hands at Temples
Arms in Y Position
.For the most part, I don’t typically use hands at head or hands overhead unless, for some reason, additional weight can’t be used. After someone can do hands at chest easily, I’d rather just start having them add weight to the movement. There are several ways to do this although I’m only going to show two below.
The next way to load the movement is to hold either a plate or dumbbell at chest level (some will also load the movement with a bar held behind the head, this isn’t shown). Both are shown below. One problem with plates is making intermediate jumps. So, for example, once a 25 lb plate becomes too easy, moving to 30 is a pain because you have to try to hold a 25 and 5 lb plate.
I generally prefer dumbbells for this reason. Another benefit to holding weight is that the upper back can be trained as well by ensuring that your shoulder blades are pulled back hard while you hold the weight.
Plate Held to Chest
Dumbbell Held to Chest
.
Of course, there are other ways that this movement can be loaded . A weighted vest can be worn and this avoids problems with fatigue from holding heavy dumbbells or plates (it also saves hassle of getting them into position). A recent trend is to attach a rubber stretch band to the bottom of the back extension bench and then attach it around the neck or upper back; this gives a very different loading curve than using a plate or dumbbell due to the stretching of the band. Of course, methods can be mixed as needed or desired.
As a final variant on this movement, a single leg extension can be done by simply taking one leg out from underneath the pads. This makes the movement considerably harder and adds a stabilization component around the pelvis.
Single Leg Back Extension
Of course, the 45 degree back extension is not the only machine available. Many gyms have a horizontal bench (the gym we shot the above pictures at did not) which I’ve shown below. Many gyms have a true glute-ham raise which can also be used to do straight back extensions.
Horizontal Back Extension Bench
.
Every issue discussed above for the 45 degree bench is identical here. You can set up so that the pelvis is in front or behind the pad and the same issues with regards to rounding the low back or not all apply. The same goes for the issue of not hyperextending at the top of the movement. The horizontal back extension is generally much more difficult with the position of maximum loading occurring at the top, compared to the 45 degree version which has peak loading when the torso is parallel with the floor.
I’d note that even the 45 degree extension bench can often be too difficult for beginners. I have sometime started complete beginners on a leg curl machine where they can perform a short range back extension using the angle of the pad. Simply pin the weight stack above anything they could possibly leg curl and they can do back extensions until they develop sufficient strength and/or endurance to move to the 45 degree bench.
I’d finish by noting that I no longer do back extensions with trainees lying flat on the floor. Back researcher Stuart McGill has shown that hyperextensions on the floor generate a tremendous amount of disk pressure as they force the body into spinal hyperextension.
.
Programming Thoughts
In terms of programming the back extension, there are, as always, many options. Both strength, low back power and muscular endurance can be targeted depending on the specifics of what’s done. As I mentioned in the introduction, low back endurance seems to be related to low-back pain and high rep sets with an isometric hold at the top (ranging from 2-6 seconds) can be beneficial for this. Athletes who need more strength or power than endurance per se may want to keep the reps lower and weights heavier. A combination of methods (e.g. heavy sets of 5 with a 2 second hold at the top) can achieve some of the best of both worlds.
In general, I tend to put back extensions at the end of a workout, often/usually in conjunction with ab work; the movements can be alternate supersetted to save time. I’d only note that, in my experience, fatigue from low back work can often make abdominal work painful, especially in beginner trainees. If trainees report low back discomfort during abdominal work, it may be better to save low-back work until the very end of the workout. I also know some trainees who use light low back extensions to warm-up the low back before heavier work but this is something that should be saved for more advanced trainees.
Reps and sets, as noted, can vary massively. A beginner may only perform a single set of low reps in their first few workouts; the low-back is often notoriously weak in the general public and having them do too much initially tends to cause a lot of problems. With beginning clients, they might only do 1 set of 5-8 at their first workout, even if they felt like they could do more. If there was back pain the following day, I know even that was too much. If not, I’d have them add a couple of repetitions at the next workout. Wehn they got to 12 easily, they’d move to a slightly harder variant (changing hand position, etc) or add a second set.
Finally, I’d note that it’s always better to err on the side of too little than too much with low back work. Taking direct low-back work even close to failure can be a recipe for disaster, it only takes a minor mistake to really ruin someone’s day. Better, in my experience, to keep several reps in the tank and make it up with more sets or whatever. There are exceptions, high level athletes who may need to push closer to failure to prepare themselves for the specific demands of their sport. But save that for folks with more training experience.
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